Research integrity and societal trust in research

level -because these are much more common than research misconduct -do substantially more damage to the validity and trustworthiness of research than the much rarer cases of serious misconduct. There are many different DRPs, but selective reporting especially can do a lot of harm. Publication bias, outcome reporting bias, textual spin and selective citation can make findings much more spectacular and more significant. is not only leads other researchers astray but can seriously hamper health, environment and society because flawed research leads to wrong policy decisions.