Short-term obesity results in detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular changes that may not be reversed with weight loss in an obese dog model

Dog model tested when lean (scores 4-5 on a nine-point scale), after 12 and 32 weeks of ad libitum feeding to promote obesity (>5 score), and after weight loss

Weight gain via ad libitum feeding for 12 and 32 weeks, followed by weight loss

Baseline lean state

Metabolic and cardiovascular changes (serum glucose, insulin, plasma leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, echocardiography, flow-mediated dilation, blood pressure, and body fat distribution)surrogate