Fixation of phase holograms in LiNbO3 is observable above 100 °C and is caused by transport of ions. From an analysis of the fixation kinetics a concentration of these ions of 2 × 1017 cm−3 and a diffusion constant at 180 °C of 5 × 10−13 cm2/s are determined. Si and OH ions suggested previously to be associated with fixation do not seem to be responsible for fixation. The development of fixed holograms by uniform illumination is based on a modulation of the optical absorption produced during fixation.
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Meyer et al. (1979) studied this question.
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