Thyroid bleeding: diagnosis and radiological management

Spontaneous hemorrhages of thyroid are rare events appearing sometimes in association with anticoagulant therapies in single or multi-nodular gland. Other causes of thyroid hemorrhage are represented by iatrogenic lesions during fine needle aspiration (FNAC), direct traumatic events and ruptured aneurism of thyroid arteries. They mainly recognize a venous origin and tend to limit themselves. Arterial bleeding that requires invasive treatment are rare. Treatment depends on the severity of the disease and may include partial or total thyroidectomy. Endovascular embolization of intraparenchymal arterial with gelatine sponge particles may represent an effective and safe approach, such as reported in our experience.