Effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: an updated meta-analysis of RCTs

Objective: To evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: After searching different databases, we retrieved and included randomized controlled trials on long-term supplementation of vitamin D (≥1-year intervention) and reporting cardiovascular outcomes. We calculated risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes. Results: Compared to the control group, the vitamin D group was not associated with a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) [risk ratio=0.99; 95% CI: 0.94-1.03]. We found no difference between the vitamin D group and the control group for the outcomes of incidences of myocardial infarction, heart failure, coronary revascularization, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality. The heterogeneity was low for all outcomes. Conclusion: According to our meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation did not reduce major adverse cardiovascular events, other cardiovascular parameters, and all-cause mortality.