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samples, with , exhibit an emission in the blue region with a dominant wavelength of at . The energy is absorbed by the Tm 3+ ion to the emitting level, then transferred to a lower state via radiative transition. A single exponential decay behavior was observed for diluted samples, and a nonexponential decay behavior occurred when was doped with a higher ion concentration. The saturation of emission intensity excited by intra-4f transitions occurred at a concentration of , indicating that the concentration quenching is active when .
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Lin et al. (2007) studied this question.
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