Effects of Slow Breathing Exercises on Cardiovascular Health: Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Quality of Life

Cardiovascular diseases, which affect the heart and circulatory system, represent a major global health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. In particular, coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction can restrict daily activities and increase the risk of death. In patients following acute myocardial infarction, changes in vital signs are of great importance. In particular, alterations in heart rate and blood pressure may increase subsequent cardiac risks and therefore require regular monitoring. In recent years, there has been growing interest in studies examining the effects of slow breathing exercises on cardiovascular health. In this context, in addition to pharmacological treatments, slow breathing exercises based on diaphragmatic breathing are thought to exert beneficial effects on heart rate and blood pressure. These techniques support autonomic nervous system balance by enhancing parasympathetic activation, improving baroreflex sensitivity, and reducing stress and anxiety levels, thereby contributing to improved quality of life. Current evidence indicates that breathing exercises are safe, simple, and may serve as a complementary approach alongside pharmacological therapies. However, larger and longer-term studies are needed to clarify their effectiveness and optimal application methods. The aim of this review is to examine the effects of slow breathing exercises on cardiovascular health, with a specific focus on heart rate, blood pressure, and quality of life.