Protective Effects of Honey-derived Antioxidants Against Bisphenol A-induced Inhibition of Testosterone Synthesis: An In Silico Molecular Docking Study

leading to testosterone production.BPA disrupts this process by altering steroid synthesis, metabolism, distribution, or clearance.Moreover, it can mimic or block steroid actions by interacting with IntroductIonBisphenol A (BPA) is extensively used in industrial processes, especially in producing polycarbonate plastics and food packaging.It has a crystalline structure with two hydroxyphenyl groups, imparting a mild phenolic odor.Polycarbonate plastics made from BPA are known for their strength, stability, and heat resistance, making them ideal for safety gear and microwave-safe food containers.BPA is also crucial in epoxy resins used to line cans, extending the shelf life of food and beverages.1 Studies have found BPA leaching from containers in concentrations ranging from 4 to 23 μg per can.Its durability has led to its widespread use in medical devices, such as heart-lung machines and dental materials, as well as in eyeglasses.Additionally, BPA is found in products like compact disks and paper receipts.2 The extensive use of BPA has sparked concerns about its health impacts, particularly on reproductive health.Studies reveal that BPA levels in urine exceed safety thresholds for many individuals.BPA can notably disrupt steroidogenesis, especially in the testes where Leydig cells are pivotal.It interferes with cellular processes, including steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, both of which are vital and energy-intensive processes.BPA exposure can damage steroidogenesis, a complex pathway starting with luteinizing hormone (LH) binding to its receptor in Leydig cells,