Key result
Drinking 200 mL of cold carbonated water significantly increased systolic blood pressure compared to room temperature water in both younger and older adults, with the pressor response being greater and more persistent in the older cohort.
Why the study?
Water drinking increases blood pressure in orthostatic hypotension, but whether cold or carbonation stimuli enhance the pressor response across younger and older adults remains unknown.
Does drinking cold or cold carbonated water increase the pressor response compared to room temperature water in healthy younger and older adults?
RCT (n=22)
Open-label
Randomized order using random numbers from a uniform distribution
No
Does drinking cold or cold carbonated water increase the pressor response compared to room temperature water in healthy younger and older adults?
Absolute Event Rate: 48.16% vs 21.84%
p-value: p=0.0002
Drinking small amounts of cold and carbonated water elicits a sustained pressor response, suggesting a potential simple first-aid intervention for acute hypotension.
May support cold carbonated water as a pressor stimulus; leaves open its utility for hypotension pending randomized trials.
Purpose: Water drinking has been proposed for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension because it can increase blood pressure in patients. This study aimed to investigate whether drinking water with a cold or carbonation stimulus would cause a more effective pressor response, and whether it would be greater in older than in younger adults. Methods: We assessed blood pressure and heart rate from non-invasive arterial pressure (a volume-clamp method) and type II electrocardiography in 13 healthy young adults (6 females, 7 males; mean age, 19.9 ± 1.1 years) and nine healthy older adults (all females; mean age, 71.4 ± 4.2 years) who drank 200 mL of cold, cold carbonated, and room temperature water. Results: The pressor response to the drinking of cold and cold carbonated water was greater than that to room temperature water in both younger and older participants (p < 0.05; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in young: 15.31 ± 9.66, 22.56 ± 11.51 and 32.6 ± 17.98 mmHg, respectively; changes in systolic blood pressure of room temperature water, cold water and cold carbonated water in elderly: 21.84 ± 14.31, 41.53 ± 19.82 and 48.16 ± 16.77 mmHg, respectively). In addition, the pressor response to cold and cold carbonated water was persistent during the recovery period by about 5–10 mmHg (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the pressor response during the drinking and recovery periods was greater in the older than in the younger participants (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that even smaller amounts of water are able to elicit a sustained pressor response, in particular if the water is cold and carbonated. We speculate that the pressor effect may render cold and carbonated water an appropriate first aid method against certain forms of acute hypotension.
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Kubota et al. (2022) conducted an RCT in Healthy adults (n=22). Cold water and cold carbonated water vs. Room temperature water was evaluated on Change in systolic blood pressure during drinking (older adults, cold carbonated vs room temperature) (p=0.0002). Drinking 200 mL of cold carbonated water significantly increased systolic blood pressure compared to room temperature water in both younger and older adults, with the pressor response being greater and more persistent in the older cohort.
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