Rotavirus vaccines in Africa and Norovirus genetic diversity in children aged 0 to 5 years old: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fig. 1. Flow chart for the selection of studies according to the PRISMA protocol

Fig. 2. Forest plot of pooled norovirus prevalence in children aged 0–5 years with gastroenteritis in Africa. Legend The size of each grey square indicates the weight of the study contributing to the pooled prevalence estimate. The line running horizontally through each grey square refers to a 95% confidence interval with the mean effect at the centre (the point estimate of prevalence for each study). The dotted blue line represents the mean estimate of the pooled prevalence of norovirus. The dark blue diamond represents the 95% confidence interval of the pooled norovirus prevalence estimate. The length of the confidence interval is proportional to the size of the study sample and therefore to the precision of the estimate

Fig. 3. Distribution of norovirus infections in children aged 0–5 years by region of Africa

Fig. 4. Forest representation of pooled prevalence estimates of norovirus infection before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccines in Africa

Fig. 5. Distribution of norovirus genotypes in children aged 0–5 years with gastroenteritis in Africa

Fig. 6. Forest plot of the distribution of cases of rotavirus-norovirus co-infections in African children aged 0–5 years

Fig. 7. Prevalence of norovirus genogroups in children aged 0–5 years no gastroenteritis in Africa

Fig. 8. Distribution of norovirus genotypes in children aged 0–5 years no gastroenteritis in Africa

Fig. 9. Funnel diagram for assessing study publication bias. Legend: Each point represents a study. The subjective evaluation of this diagram gives an indication of the heterogeneity of the studies. The y-axis represents the precision (inverse of the variance) expressed here at a ratio of 1/1000. The x axis represents the standardised effect transformed into a log (estimate divided by its standard error)