The effect of high-fat diet on serum metabolites in rats with heart failure: a non-targeted metabolomics approach

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental design

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  Fig. 2. Heart failure relief parameters and functional validation. A Cardiac-related parameters; B Echocardiography Comparison. C LVEF index. **, P < 0.01; ns, P non significance

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  Fig. 3. Base Peak Chromatogram in positive-ion mode (A, B, C) and negative-ion mode (D, E, F) in serum samples of CCD, MCD, and MHFD groups. A, B, C: in positive-ion mode; D, E, F: negative-ion mode. Abbreviation: CCD, control +chew diet; MCD, model+ chew diet; MHFD, model+ high fat diet

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  Fig. 4. Differential metabolic profiles in mice serum among the CCD, MCD and MHFD groups. Abbreviation: QC, quality control; CCD, control+chew diet; MCD, model+ chew diet; MHFD, model+ high fat diet

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  Fig. 5. OPLS-DA analysis of serum metabolic profiling variation of CCD vs. MCD groups and MCD vs MHFD groups. A Score plot of OPLS-DA based on serum profiling of the CCD group and MCD group. R2X = 0.838, R2Y = 1, Q2 = 0.977; B Score plot of OPLS-DA based on serum profiling of the MCD vs MHFD groups. R2X = 0.682, R2Y = 1, Q2 = 0.981. Abbreviation: CCD, control +chew diet; MCD, model+ chew diet; MHFD, model+ high fat diet

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  Fig. 6. Metabolic characteristics of serum in rat. A and B Volcano plot and heat map of normalized metabolites in serum samples of CCD vs MCD groups and MCD vs MHFD groups; Columns represent the samples, and rows represent the metabolites. Red dots represent significantly up-regulated differential metabolites in the experimental group, blue dots represent significantly down-regulated differential metabolites, and gray dots represent non-significant differential metabolites

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  Fig. 7. KEGG pathway enrichment bubble diagram. A CCD vs MCD groups; B MCD vs MHFD groups; The vertical axis represents the KEGG metabolic pathway, and the horizontal axis represents the rich factors (the ratio of the number of differential metabolites to the number of annotated metabolites in this pathway). The color of the bubble from green to red indicates that the p-value decreases in turn; the larger the bubble, the more the number of metabolites enriched in the pathway

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  Fig. 8. Clustering heatmap of 17 potential biomarkers in three groups. Rows: samples; Columns: biomarkers. Colors ranging from purple to red indicate the expression abundance of metabolites, ranging from low to high. Abbreviation: CCD, control +chew diet; MCD, model+ chew diet; MHFD, model+ high fat diet

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  Fig. 9. A Network diagram Associations between 16 metabolites and other metabolites; B KEGG pathway enrichment bubble diagram. A The red bubble represents 16 metabolites, whereas the blue bubble corresponds to 365 metabolites associated with the former; B The vertical axis represents the KEGG metabolic pathway, and the horizontal axis represents the rich factors (the ratio of the number of differential metabolites to the number of annotated metabolites in this pathway)