Key result
Molecular biology techniques and omics science can be deployed complementarily to histopathological tissue biopsies for an integrated approach to heart transplant patient monitoring.
Why the study?
Cardiac allograft rejection is challenging to diagnose, prompting the need to review new invasive and non-invasive monitoring methodologies and biomarkers to overcome tissue biopsy invasiveness.
Integrating molecular biology and omics with traditional histopathology provides a comprehensive approach to monitoring cardiac allograft rejection.
Hypothesis-generating for multimodal rejection monitoring in heart transplant recipients; prospective validation required before practice change.
Cardiac allograft rejection following heart transplantation is challenging to diagnose. Tissue biopsies are the gold standard in monitoring the different types of rejection. The last decade has seen an increased emphasis on identifying non-invasive methods to improve rejection diagnosis and overcome tissue biopsy invasiveness. Liquid biopsy, as an efficient non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic oncological monitoring tool, seems to be applicable in heart transplant follow-ups. Moreover, molecular techniques applied on blood can be translated to tissue samples to provide novel perspectives on tissue and reveal new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of the new methodologies in cardiac allograft rejection monitoring and investigate the future perspectives on invasive and non-invasive rejection biomarkers identification. We reviewed literature from the most used scientific databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. We extracted 192 papers and, after a selection and exclusion process, we included in the review 81 papers. The described limitations notwithstanding, this review show how molecular biology techniques and omics science could be deployed complementarily to the histopathological rejection diagnosis on tissue biopsies, thus representing an integrated approach for heart transplant patients monitoring.
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Giarraputo et al. (2021) conducted a review in Cardiac allograft rejection (n=81). Molecular biology techniques and omics science (liquid biopsy) vs. Tissue biopsies was evaluated. Molecular biology techniques and omics science can be deployed complementarily to histopathological tissue biopsies for an integrated approach to heart transplant patient monitoring.
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