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Mice carrying two t complementary haplotypes (tw5/tw32) are totally sterile. Their spermatozoa have poor motility and fertilize neither zona-intact nor zona-free oocytes, even though they are structurally indistinguishable from control (wild-type) spermatozoa. However, when injected directly into oocytes, these infertile spermatozoa are able to participate in normal development. This suggests that infertility of tw5/tw32 male (spermatozoa) is more likely to be due to poor sperm-oocyte interaction than to genetic incompetence of sperm nuclei.
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Kuretake et al. (1996) studied this question.
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