Numerical Study of Nozzle Parameter Effects on the Jet Lubrication Performance of High-Speed Spur Gear Pairs

Forced spray on transmission gears performs the triple functions of lubrication, heat dissipation, and tooth surface cleaning under high-speed and heavy-duty conditions, serving as a key technical means to prevent scuffing, pitting, or even tooth breakage failure and ensure highly reliable operation of the transmission system. This study conducted numerical simulations using CFD to investigate the lubrication performance of high-speed spur gear pairs with respect to nozzle parameters including jet velocity, nozzle position, included angle, length, and number of nozzles. The results show that the medium jet velocity of 40–60 m/s achieves an optimal balance between penetration depth and spray dispersion. The results indicate that a medium jet velocity of 40–60 m/s optimally balances penetration depth and spray dispersion. Dual-nozzle oil injection significantly improves spatial uniformity and establishes a stable circular recirculation structure, increasing the oil volume fraction in the meshing zone by approximately 40% compared to the single-nozzle configuration, and reducing the area of dry patches by over 60%. A nozzle inclination angle of 60–90° combined with a length of 30 mm yields the best combination of oil delivery and coverage. Furthermore, upgrading from a 2 + 1 to a 3 + 1 nozzle layout enhances oil film continuity and suppresses abrupt negative-pressure fluctuations during meshing, thereby stabilizing the hydrodynamic lubrication effect. These findings provide quantitative guidance for optimizing nozzle geometry and layout in high-speed gearbox lubrication systems, contributing to improved reliability and reduced energy loss.