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September 8, 2026Asia Pacific Journal of Education

Development of the “Attitudes Towards Outdoor Education Scale (ATOES)” for early childhood teachers

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Authors

NYN. Berfin YaparGDGunes Ezgi DemirciZÜZeliha Demirci Ünal

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Overview

Scale development study establishes a valid 20-item instrument measuring outdoor education attitudes in early childhood teachers, highlighting key factors that influence nature-based teaching.

Key Points

  • To develop and validate the Attitudes Towards Outdoor Education Scale (ATOES) to measure in-service early childhood teachers' perceptions, supportive beliefs, and perceived barriers regarding outdoor instruction.
  • Administered the survey instrument across two independent cohorts of Turkish early childhood teachers in public and private schools: an exploratory cohort (N=443) and a confirmatory cohort (N=367).
  • Conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) alongside convergent validity and reliability testing using Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, and omega coefficients.
  • EFA established a 20-item, three-factor structure—Positive Mindset for Development, Lack of Commitment, and Resilient Commitment—explaining 61.71% of the total variance, with factor loadings between 0.54 and 0.87 (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin = 0.929; Bartlett’s test χ2(190) = 5041.189, p < 0.001).
  • CFA verified acceptable model fit indices, with convergent validity confirmed by Average Variance Extracted values and strong internal consistency shown across all reliability metrics.

Cite This Study

Yapar et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a9fd82f58e84d0ff5b47708https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2026.2727621
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