Key result
A dynamic equivalent circuit phantom accurately simulated intracardiac channel characteristics, achieving correlation coefficients >0.9432 in the frequency domain and >0.9150 in the time domain.
Why the study?
Intracardiac channel characteristics are profoundly affected by rhythmic contractions, making accurate understanding of dynamic transmission mechanisms under various cardiac pathological states crucial for multi-chamber leadless pacemakers.
A novel dynamic equivalent circuit phantom accurately simulates intracardiac communication channel characteristics, providing a reproducible experimental method for developing leadless multi-chamber pacemakers.
Conductive Intracardiac Communication (CIC) is an essential approach for achieving multi-chamber pacing in leadless pacemakers (LCPs), significantly enhancing the therapeutic outcomes for conditions such as bradycardia. However, the characteristics of the intracardiac channel are profoundly affected by the heart’s rhythmic contractions. Accurately understanding the dynamic transmission mechanisms and channel parameters under various cardiac pathological states is crucial for enhancing the multi-chamber pacing functionality of LCPs. In this paper, the relationship between cardiac chamber volume and channel impedance is mapped based on electrocardiogram data. This mapping enables precise, real-time adjustments to variable impedance, simulating the impedance changes occurring with each heartbeat. Through this approach, a time-frequency equivalent circuit phantom is proposed to accurately simulate channel characteristics for various pacing indications (PIs). Utilizing a quasi-dual-pump structural analogy to the heart, we designed a dynamic experimental measurement platform capable of simulating the cardiac beating process under various PIs, which is employed to validate the accuracy of the circuit phantom. The results demonstrate that the correlation coefficients in the frequency and time domains are greater than 0.9432 and 0.9150, respectively, with a time domain consistency coefficient of less than 3.25. Through cross-validation in both frequency and time domains, the circuit effectively simulates the channel characteristics of normal and pacemaker indication hearts. The empirical formula established based on the time domain measurement results can be utilized for the rapid estimation of the right atrial (RA)- right ventricle (RV) channel characteristics. The proposed phantom offers a highly accurate and reproducible experimental method for the design of intracardiac communication transceivers, advancing the development and validation of leadless multi-chamber pacemaker systems.
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Li et al. (2025) studied Pacemaker indications. Dynamic High-Fidelity Equivalent Circuit Phantom was evaluated on Correlation coefficients in the frequency and time domains. A dynamic equivalent circuit phantom accurately simulated intracardiac channel characteristics, achieving correlation coefficients >0.9432 in the frequency domain and >0.9150 in the time domain.
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