TMA, A Forgotten Uremic Toxin, but Not TMAO, Is Involved in Cardiovascular Pathology

Figures

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  Figure 1. Correlation of plasma (A) TMA and (B) TMAO levels (µmol/L) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (mL/min/1.73 m²). r—Pearson correlation coefficient; TMA—trimethylamine; and TMAO—trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 2. The influence of TMA and TMAO on cardiomyocytes in vitro. Comparison of the viability of cardiomyocytes (H9c2) treated with TMA or TMAO at increasing concentrations from 0.1 to 100 mmol/L and concomitant treatment with TMA and TMAO, 10/10 (10 mmol/L TMA/10 mmol/L TMAO), 10/100 (10 mmol/L TMA/100 mmol/L TMAO). An MTT test was performed after 24 and 72 h of treatment, measurement was performed in three independent experiments, and results for each experiment were normalized to the control (untreated) cells; graphs show mean ± SE, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, by a t-test. TMA—trimethylamine; TMAO—trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 3. Representative pictures showing changes in the number and morphology of cells after 72 hours of treatment with (A) TMA and (B) TMAO—bar 100 µm. ctrl.—control; TMA—trimethylamine; and TMAO—trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 4. Representative pictures showing morphology of cells after (A) 72 hours and (B) 10 days of treatment with TMAO or TMA or the mixture of both compounds—bar 100 µm. ctrl.—control; TMA—trimethylamine; and TMAO—trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 5. Diffusion coefficient obtained for (A) albumin and (B) LDH after 24-hour incubation with either PBS (control), TMA, or TMAO at increasing concentrations (n = 6). With protein degradation, the biomolecule diffusion coefficient increases. D—diffusion coefficient; LDH—lactate dehydrogenase; PBS—phosphate-buffered; TMA—trimethylamine; and TMAO—trimethylamine N-oxide.