Molecular and serological evidence of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 circulation in pigs in Senegal

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Geographical representation of the regions of origin of pigs included in the study. This figure shows a map of Senegal. The yellow and white star represents the capital. The regions included in the study are shown in red, those not included are shown in white, and Senegal's neighboring countries are shown in gray. Base maps were generated using ArcGIS Pro Desktop software (Basic license; ESRI 2025, Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute; https://www.esri.com), then exported as Adobe Illustrator Exchange (AIX) format for further aesthetic design using Adobe Creative Cloud (version 6.9; Adobe Inc. 2025, San Jose, CA; https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 2. Distribution of RT-qPCR Ct values for HEV positive samples according to sequencing outcome. All 69 HEV RNA-positive samples underwent Sanger sequencing. Samples were classified as ORF2 sequence obtained (n = 13) when high-quality sequences were obtained, or as no usable ORF2 sequence obtained (n = 56) when sequencing did not provide usable sequence data. Boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), the horizontal line indicates the median, and each point represents an individual sample. The difference in Ct values between groups was assessed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

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  Fig. 3. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 300 bp ORF2 gene nucleotide sequences of hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains obtained from pigs in Senegal. The tree was inferred using IQ-TREE version 2.0.3, under the GTR + I + G4 nucleotide substitution model, with 1000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates. The tree was visualized with FigTree (v1.4.4). Senegalese swine HEV sequences are highlighted in red. HEV sequences from human cases during the 2014 Kedougou outbreak are indicated by orange tips. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)