Literature review highlights the multi-target anti-tumor efficacy of indole hybrids in hepatocellular carcinoma, indicating potential to overcome drug resistance.
Key Points
To review the development and therapeutic prospects of indole hybrids designed from 2021 to the present as multi-targeted candidates for treating hepatocellular carcinoma.
Surveyed preclinical studies and medicinal chemistry literature published between 2021 and the present concerning indole hybrid scaffolds targeting hepatocellular carcinoma.
Assessed molecular multi-targeting capacity, safety profiles in normal liver tissues, and mechanisms preventing drug resistance.
Indole hybrids concurrently modulate multiple biological targets involved in hepatocellular carcinoma progression, demonstrating broader antitumor action than single-target agents.
Preclinical evaluations indicate that indole hybrids effectively inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation, tumor growth, and metastasis while exhibiting low toxicity toward non-cancerous liver tissue.
Hybrid chemical structures demonstrate the ability to bypass established mechanisms of acquired resistance characteristic of conventional liver cancer treatments.