Technical Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging for Measuring Renal Parenchymal Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the technical performance of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging (two-dimensional shear wave elastography [2D-SWE] and point shear wave elastography [p-SWE]) for measuring renal parenchymal stiffness. METHODS: EMBASE and PubMed databases were searched for studies reporting technical performance of ARFI imaging in terms of technical failure, interobserver agreement, and/or intraobserver agreement. The proportion of technical failure and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for interobserver and intraobserver agreement was pooled. The pooled estimates of native and transplanted kidneys were obtained separately. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies (2993 patients) were included. The pooled proportions of technical failure were 4.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-8.5%) and 6.6% (95% CI 4.0-10.7%) in native and transplanted kidneys, respectively. The pooled ICCs of interobserver agreement were 0.70 (95% CI 0.68-0.83) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.68-0.89), indicating moderate and good agreement in native and transplanted kidneys, respectively. The pooled ICC showed good (0.77; 95% CI 0.49-0.91) intraobserver agreement in native kidneys. Regarding interobserver agreement in transplanted kidneys, ROI location (mid pole only versus others) was a significant factor of heterogeneity (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: The ARFI-based SWE techniques show good technical performance for measuring renal parenchymal stiffness. The wide range of SWE protocols necessitates development of standardized guidelines on the use of renal ARFI imaging.