When treatment becomes risk: polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing in cognitive impairment in 2379 consecutive patients from a memory clinic

BACKGROUND Polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), and drugs associated with drug‐induced cognitive impairment (DICI) are highly prevalent in older adults and may affect cognitive decline. METHODS This observational retrospective study included 2379 patients evaluated at Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona. Medication data were extracted from electronic health records using a large language model (LLM). Polypharmacy (≥5), hyperpolypharmacy (≥10), PIMs, and DICI drugs were analyzed across cognitive stages, Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, ApoE subtype, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS Among patients with cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] ≥ 0.5), 67% presented polypharmacy and 21% hyperpolypharmacy. Higher odds of polypharmacy were observed across the CDR scale, while higher education showed a protective effect. Altered renal function was found in 20.8% of patients with polypharmacy. Indeed, significant differences were found between amyloid beta‐positive and negative (Aβ + /Aβ − ) subjects and between the whole population and subjects participating in clinical trials. DISCUSSION Polypharmacy is extremely common in patients attending memory clinics. LLMs could facilitate systematic structured medication reviews.