Key result
Acute theobromine or high-fat meals fail to alter duodenal apoA-I expression in healthy men.
Why the study?
The acute effects of theobromine and fat on duodenal gene transcription related to apoA-I production and metabolism were studied to understand underlying mechanisms.
Does a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or a high-fat meal alter duodenal apoA-I gene expression in healthy men compared to a low-fat meal alone?
RCT (n=8)
Double-blind
Randomized
No
Does a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or a high-fat meal alter duodenal apoA-I gene expression in healthy men compared to a low-fat meal alone?
Effect estimate: FC 1.02
p-value: p=0.758
Acute consumption of theobromine or high fat does not alter duodenal apoA-I mRNA expression in healthy men, though it affects other metabolic and inflammatory pathways.
Acute theobromine or high-fat intake does not alter duodenal apoA-I mRNA in healthy men; leaves open chronic effects or impacts on circulating apoA-I.
Increasing apoA-I synthesis may improve HDL functionality and lower CVD risk. As theobromine and fat increase fasting apoA-I concentrations, and the intestine is involved in apoA-I production, the acute effects of both were studied on duodenal gene transcription to better understand underlying mechanisms. In this crossover study, 8 healthy men received once a low fat (LF) meal, a LF meal plus theobromine (850 mg), or a high fat (HF) meal. Five hours after meal intake duodenal biopsies were taken for microarray analysis. Theobromine and HF consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I expression. Theobromine did not change gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism, whereas those related to glycogen/glucose breakdown were downregulated. HF consumption increased gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol uptake and transport, and to glucose storage, while it decreased those related to glucose uptake. Furthermore, genes related to inflammation were upregulated, but inflammation markers in plasma were not changed. In healthy men, acute theobromine and fat consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I mRNA, but inhibited expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Furthermore, HF intake activated in the duodenum expression of genes related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism and to inflammation.
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Smolders et al. (2018) conducted an RCT in Healthy (n=8). Theobromine or High-fat meal vs. Low-fat meal was evaluated on Duodenal apoA-I gene expression (FC 1.02, p=0.758). Acute consumption of 850 mg theobromine or a high-fat meal did not significantly change duodenal apoA-I mRNA expression compared to a low-fat meal in healthy men.
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