Reduced serum adiponectin and exercise predict depression in chronic heart failure patients and affect depressive-like behaviors in a mouse model

Figures

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  Figure 1. Adiponectin was downregulated in patients with chronic heart failure and depression. Comparisons of (A) NT-proBNP, (B) hs-CRP, (C) BDNF, (D) ghrelin, (E) leptin, and (F) adiponectin levels among the control, CHF, Dep, and CHF+Dep groups. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns P>0.05.

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  Figure 2. Downregulation of Adiponectin Levels in Heart Failure Patients. Analyze the differences in the levels of NT-proBNP (A), high-sensitivity CRP (B), BDNF (C), adiponectin (D), ghrelin (E), and leptin (F) between the CHF and non-CHF groups. The differences in the levels of NT-proBNP (G), high-sensitivity CRP (H), BDNF (I), adiponectin (J), ghrelin (K), and leptin (L) among the CHF non-Dep, CHF mild-Dep, CHF moderate-Dep, and CHF severe-Dep groups were analyzed. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns P>0.05.

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  Figure 3. Forest plot visualizing the causal effects of factors on depression in heart failure patients.

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  Figure 4. Protective effect of exercise intervention on patients with depression. Effects of exercise frequency on the PHQ-9 depression score (A) and adiponectin (B), BDNF (C), and CRP (D) levels in patients with depression. Correlation analysis between exercise frequency and PHQ-9 depression scores (E), adiponectin levels (F), BDNF levels (G), and CRP levels (H). Correlation analysis between exercise duration and PHQ-9 depression scores (I), adiponectin levels (J), BDNF levels (K), and CRP levels (L). ROC curves were used to validate the diagnostic efficacy of adiponectin (M), BDNF (N), and CRP (O) in patients with depression. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns P>0.05.

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  Figure 5. Adiponectin levels are downregulated in heart failure mice with comorbid depression. (A) Measurement of weight changes in the MI model and MI+CUMS model mice. (B) Sucrose preference test to investigate the effects of the MI model and MI+CUMS model on depressive-like behaviors in mice. Tail suspension test to detect the latency to immobility (C) and immobility time (D) in the MI group and MI+CUMS group. ELISA detection of serum NT-proBNP (E) and adiponectin (F) levels in the MI group and MI+CUMS group. *, **, ***, ns means p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001, and p>0.05, respectively.

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  Figure 6. AdipoRon combined with Run intervention effectively improves depressive-like behaviors in mice. (A) The effects of AdipoRon and Run intervention on body weight in the MI+CUMS mouse model were examined. (B) The sucrose preference test was used to investigate the improvement in depressive-like behaviors in the MI+CUMS mouse model induced by AdipoRon and Run intervention. Effects of AdipoRon and Run intervention on the latency to immobility (C) and immobility time (D) in the MI+CUMS mouse model were detected by the tail suspension test. ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of NT-proBNP (E) and adiponectin (F) in the MI+CUMS mouse model following AdipoRon and Run intervention.