Integrated technological and ZooMS analysis of late chalcolithic osseous industry from Yeghegis-1 (Armenia)

This study provides a multiproxy analysis of the osseous industry at the Late Chalcolithic Yeghegis-1 rock shelter (southern Armenia) to examine production strategies, use patterns, and raw material choices. We combine technological and typological approaches with Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) to analyse 40 bone artefacts recovered from the site. Tubular preforms and pointed tools dominate, reflecting consistent shapes and manufacturing techniques. The presence of preforms, finished tools, and debris suggests small-scale, on-site production. ZooMS identified 39 specimens, revealing a strong preference for caprines and limited use of wild species, including gazelle and hare. Reconstructed technological patterns and raw material selection are broadly consistent with other Chalcolithic sites in the region, supporting evidence of local production at Yeghegis-1. These findings underscore the need for expanded sampling at Yeghegis-1 and comparable sites to validate local manufacturing processes. Future research integrating isotopic analysis, refitting, micro-debitage studies, direct dating, and experimental replication will enhance understanding of socio-economic practices and regional interaction during the Chalcolithic.