Comparative characteristics of modern methods of identification and control of cattle activity using a transponder system

Ensuring a consistent volume and quality of output is one of the key challenges in modern livestock farming. To achieve this, various methods are used to optimize and increase production, particularly by increasing the working herd. Enhancing production efficiency in modern livestock farming is directly associated with the implementation of precision technologies for monitoring the physiological condition of animals. The relevance of this topic arises from the urgent need to shift from traditional, labor-intensive observation methods toward automated systems that enable continuous monitoring and timely management decisions. The objective of the present study is to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of current methods for identifying and monitoring cattle activity using transponder-based systems. The paper provides a detailed evaluation of the technical characteristics, functional capabilities, and practical applicability of various sensor types currently available on the market. The analysis covers widely adopted solutions such as ear tags, collars, and ruminal boluses, as well as less common systems including halters and leg-mounted bands. For each device type, key parameters are examined, including the range of measurable physiological and behavioral indicators, attachment reliability, data accuracy and validity, and adaptability to different livestock housing systems. The results highlight the absence of a universal solution and reveal the specific advantages and limitations of each technology, determining their suitability for particular production objectives. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of selecting monitoring technologies based on a comprehensive consideration of farm-specific priorities — an essential factor for the successful digitalization of herd management processes. Future perspectives are linked to the development of integrated platforms capable of aggregating data obtained from multiple cattle activity monitoring systems.