Supervision as pedagogy in health sciences: a narrative review

Background Postgraduate research supervision in the health sciences occurs within complex institutional, disciplinary, and interpersonal contexts, yet supervisory practices are often learnt informally and enacted under significant workload and performance pressures. Purpose This narrative review examines postgraduate supervision in the health sciences as a pedagogical practice by asking how supervision can be designed to support student learning, research judgement, and gradual independence. Methods The study iteratively identified literature from health sciences and higher education contexts and synthesised it interpretively, with particular attention to supervisory relationships, student development, feedback, research practices, and postgraduate progress. Results The review identifies recurring tensions in postgraduate supervision, including autonomy and structure, student ownership and supervisor responsibility, methodological rigour and feasibility, and critique and confidence in feedback. Rather than treating these as problems to be resolved, the review argues that they should be intentionally designed into supervisory practice. The study proposes three pedagogical design measures: negotiated expectations and milestones, developmental feedback processes, and scaffolding for writing and methodological decision-making. It further presents an illustrative six-week supervision-as-pedagogy toolkit as a practical starting framework for emerging supervisors. Conclusion This review contributes a practice-oriented synthesis that reframes postgraduate supervision as an intentional pedagogical activity rather than a reactive process of correction and completion management. Approaching supervision as pedagogy could support more transparent, development-oriented supervisory practices in health sciences education. Plain Language Summary Postgraduate research supervision plays an important role in helping students become independent researchers and professionals. This study reviewed published literature on research supervision in the health sciences to examine how supervisors can best support learning, decision making, and research skills. This study found that supervision works best when expectations are clearly agreed, feedback supports growth, and students receive structured guidance while gradually developing independence. This matters because stronger supervision practices can improve student success, research quality, and the training of future health professionals.