Human Pegivirus Type 1 Coinfections: Epidemiology, Heterogeneity and Clinical Implications

This narrative review explores the complex landscape of coinfections involving Human Pegivirus Type 1 (HPgV), a member of the Hepaciviridae family previously known as GB virus type C or hepatitis G virus. Structurally similar to hepatitis C virus (HCV), HPgV is lymphotropic and while viraemia in healthy donors is asymptomatic, it has been associated with the onset of several non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes. We begin with an overview of HPgV’s genomic features, classification, transmission routes and natural history, including spontaneous clearance and post-infection anti-E2 antibody development. As of 03 February 2026, a PubMed search yielded 346 relevant studies from which data were synthesized, reporting HPgV coinfection across human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HCV, hepatitis B virus and other viral diseases – highlighting genotype distributions, geographic variability and population-specific patterns. In summary, HPgV shows a reproducible signal in HIV coinfections, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits, while its impact on chronic hepatitis, acute infections and lymphoma risk remains preliminary and requires further investigation. This review highlights the need for rigorous prospective studies with standardized protocols to clarify HPgV’s true impact on human health and its potential for therapeutic application.