Analysis of regional morbidity of ear and mastoid diseases (Ryazan Region): a cohort study

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diseases of the ear and mastoid process (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision: H60–H95) represents a significant medical and social problem due to its substantial contribution to the structure of hearing loss, chronicity, disability, and economic burden. Regional features, including population aging, infectious factors, and occupational risks, emphasize the need for epidemiological monitoring to optimize preventive measures and resource planning in the health care system. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and incidence of diseases of the ear and mastoid process in the Ryazan region for the period 2019–2023. METHODS: The study was based on analysis of data on prevalence, incidence, and the chronicity index of diseases of the ear and mastoid process for 2019–2023, with calculation of rates per 100,000 population. Stratification was performed by age groups (total population, adults, working-age population, individuals older than working age, children aged 0–14 and 15–17 years). The analysis considered seasonal and demographic factors, as well as access to medical care. RESULTS: The prevalence per 100,000 population decreased from 3421.3 in 2019 to 3241.5 in 2023, with the greatest decline observed in 2020–2021 (−5.2% over the period). Incidence decreased by 4.9%. The chronicity index remained relatively stable (1.44–1.53). In the disease structure, middle ear diseases predominated (40%–45%; chronicity index, 1.29), followed by diseases of the external ear (30%–35%) and hearing loss (15%–20%; index, 5.39). In children, acute forms predominated (overall incidence, 4042.6), whereas in older individuals, chronic forms were more common (chronicity index, 1.89). CONCLUSION: The predominance of chronic forms in older individuals and acute forms in children requires differentiated approaches to prevention, vaccination, and rehabilitation. Further studies on the role of exogenous factors in morbidity formation are warranted.