Beyond Glycemic Control: Emerging Innovations in Diabetes Mellitus Management

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or reduced insulin action [7]. It is a major global health concern associated with complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, retinopathy, and nerve damage [7, 14]. The main types include type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes [7, 8]. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form and is associated with insulin resistance, genetic factors, obesity, and lifestyle habits [7, 15]. Advances in genetic research and modern technologies have improved the understanding of diabetes and its complications [1, 2, 5]. Early diagnosis, a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and appropriate medication are essential for effective disease management [11, 14]. This review provides a general overview of diabetes mellitus, including its types, causes, complications, and current approaches to prevention and management.