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This is a In Vitro Study study (also classified as: Observational).

August 16, 2025Open Access

Simulating Low-CAPE environments leading to tornadoes in France using CM1 and WRF

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Weakly unstable conditions can still produce intense tornadoes, challenging existing paradigms of tornadogenesis.
Recorded tornadoes under low CAPE ≤ 500 J/kg accounted for 58% of EF2+ events from 1940 to 2022.
Cloud Model 1 and WRF were employed to simulate the atmospheric processes contributing to tornado formation.
Findings suggest that understanding low-CAPE tornadogenesis can enhance forecasting in European contexts.

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Numerical modeling explores tornadoes forming under low CAPE conditions, highlighting jet stream and external mechanisms.

Lacroix et al. (2025) studied this question.

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