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August 16, 2025Open Access

Intense autumn and winter tornadoes in a region of low convective available potentialenergy: Insights from western continental Europe

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Intense tornadoes predominantly occurred during autumn and winter, with 58% linked to low CAPE conditions.
Dataset reveals that 1,675 tornadoes were examined across five western European countries from 1940 to 2022.
Using ERA5 reanalysis, the study identified key atmospheric patterns for tornado occurrences.
The findings highlight the crucial role of dynamic factors and seasonal variability in tornadogenesis.

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Analysis shows intense tornadoes correlate with low CAPE in western Europe, implying seasonal and synoptic influences.

Lacroix et al. (2025) studied this question.

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