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This is a Quantitative Study study.

Intelligent Inversion of Multi‐Stratum Parameters in Shield Tunnels and Reliability Analysis of Tunnel Deformation Under Spatial Variability Conditions

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This study investigates tunnel deformation and reliability in shield tunnels, suggesting methods for analyzing spatial variability in soil layers.

Tunnel deformation reliability is significantly enhanced using the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo - Subset Simulation algorithm, and efficient methods are proposed for engineering.
The developed model fitting the expanded dataset achieved an R2 value of 99.46%, demonstrating high reliability in predicting tunnel behavior under varying soil conditions.
A refined stochastic finite element model accurately assesses the impact of spatial variability of soil layers on ground settlement and tunnel construction safety.
Optimizing multi-stratum mechanical parameters using the CPSO-TLOOA-Stacking algorithm results in a relative error of only 0.7% compared to measured values.

Liu et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This study investigates tunnel deformation and reliability in shield tunnels, suggesting methods for analyzing spatial variability in soil layers.