Analysis of ligand and receptor expression of immune modulators. Inferred ligand and receptor expression in the cancer and stroma compartments for immune checkpoint–related proteins (A) and cytokines (B). Heat maps are colored by the signed −log10(P-value) of differential expression between ICB responders and nonresponders (permutation test). Tiles with no differential expression (P-value >0.1) were colored gray. In the consensus heat maps, the median signed log₁₀(P-value) were plotted for genes that were differentially expressed in three out of four ICB cohorts. The immune checkpoint pairs were annotated by the likely immune cell types as well as the effect of the checkpoint interaction (activating or inhibitory).
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Guo et al. (2024) studied this question.
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