High‐Throughput, Label‐Free Detection of DNA Origami in Single‐Cell Suspensions Using origamiFISH‐Flow

Structural DNA nanotechnology enables custom fabrication of nanoscale devices and promises diverse biological applications. However, the effects of design on DNA nanostructure (DN)-cell interactions in vitro and in vivo are not yet well-characterized. origamiFISH is a recently developed technique for imaging DNs in cells and tissues. Compared to the use of fluorescent tags, origamiFISH offers label-free and structure-agnostic detection of DNs with significantly improved sensitivity. Here, the origamiFISH technique is extended to quantify DNs in single-cell suspensions, including in nonadherent cells such as subsets of immune cells, via readout by flow cytometry. This method, referred to as origamiFISH-Flow, is high-throughput (e.g., 10 000 cells per second) and compatible with immunostaining for concurrent cell-type and cell-state characterization. It is shown that origamiFISH-Flow provides 20-fold higher signal-to-noise ratio for DN detection compared to dye labeling approaches, leading to the capture of >25-fold more DN