What is the clinical evidence from this study?

Study design: Cohort. Population: Adults with impaired glucose metabolism including diabetes and prediabetes without baseline hypertension or stroke (n=4207). Intervention: Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) vs. Lower quartile or stable low-level group of CMI. Primary outcome: Incidence of new-onset hypertension and stroke (OR 1.27 for hypertension per unit CMI increase, OR 1.31 for stroke per unit CMI increase, 95% CI Hypertension 1.15–1.40, Stroke 1.05–1.67, p=Hypertension 4.46E-06, Stroke 2.32E-02).

What question did this study set out to answer?

The study aims to determine whether the cardiovascular metabolic index (CMI) can predict hypertension and stroke risk in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.

February 26, 2026Aging Clinical and Experimental ResearchOpen Access

Higher CMI linked to ~31% greater stroke risk and increased hypertension in impaired glucose metabolism.

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Why the study?

The extent to which the Cardiovascular Metabolic Index can forecast cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism remains uncertain.

Does an elevated Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) increase the risk of hypertension and stroke in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism?

Population

4,207 participants with impaired glucose metabolism

Comparison

CMI levels, cumulative CMI, and changes in CMI

Design

Prospective cohort study

Follow-up

2015 to 2018

Key result

Higher Cardiovascular Metabolic Index increased hypertension risk by 27% (OR 1.27) and stroke risk by 31% (OR 1.31) in adults with impaired glucose metabolism over 3 years.

Authors

YSYanju Song XZXuelun Zou CZChang Sheng Zhou

Discussion

Member takes

Overview

May aid CMI risk stratification in impaired glucose metabolism but should not yet change practice; leaves open utility pending randomized trials.

Key Points

The study aims to determine whether the cardiovascular metabolic index (CMI) can predict hypertension and stroke risk in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.
Used K-means clustering to categorize CMI changes into three groups.
Applied multivariate logistic regression to assess associations between CMI and hypertension/stroke incidence.
Employed restricted cubic spline regression models for nonlinear relationship exploration.
Conducted ROC curve analysis to evaluate CMI's predictive ability for hypertension and stroke.
Observed 746 new cases of hypertension and 144 stroke events during follow-up.
CMI significantly increased the risk of hypertension (OR = 1.27) and stroke (OR = 1.31).
Higher CMI quartiles were associated with increased risks of hypertension and stroke.
Nonlinear relationship found between CMI and hypertension risk.
ROC curves indicated AUC values of 0.73 for hypertension and 0.67 for stroke.

Study Design

Type

Cohort (n=4,207)

Multicenter

Yes

Structured PICO

Does an elevated Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) increase the risk of hypertension and stroke in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism?

Population

4,207 participants with impaired glucose metabolism (diabetes or prediabetes), mean age 61.7 years, 54.5% female, from China (CHARLS cohort). Excluded individuals with baseline hypertension or stroke.

Intervention

Elevated Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) and cumulative CMI

Comparator

Lower quartiles or stable low trajectories of Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI)

Outcome

Incidence of new-onset hypertension and stroke at the 2018 follow-up endpointhard clinical

Main Result

Effect estimate: OR 1.27 for hypertension per unit CMI increase, OR 1.31 for stroke per unit CMI increase (95% CI Hypertension 1.15–1.40, Stroke 1.05–1.67)

p-value: p=Hypertension 4.46E-06, Stroke 2.32E-02

Elevated Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) is significantly associated with an increased risk of future hypertension and stroke in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism, highlighting its potential utility for risk stratification.

Limitations

Stroke incidence was low, possibly reducing power to detect associations with stroke.
Observational cohort design cannot establish causality.
CMI measured by surrogate indices, not direct visceral fat or lipid function measurements.
Study population is predominantly Chinese older adults, limiting generalizability.
Missing values in the dataset requiring multiple imputation

Cite This Study

Song et al. (2026) conducted a cohort in Adults with impaired glucose metabolism including diabetes and prediabetes without baseline hypertension or stroke (n=4,207). Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) vs. Lower quartile or stable low-level group of CMI was evaluated on Incidence of new-onset hypertension and stroke (OR 1.27 for hypertension per unit CMI increase, OR 1.31 for stroke per unit CMI increase, 95% CI Hypertension 1.15–1.40, Stroke 1.05–1.67, p=Hypertension 4.46E-06, Stroke 2.32E-02). Higher Cardiovascular Metabolic Index increased hypertension risk by 27% (OR 1.27) and stroke risk by 31% (OR 1.31) in adults with impaired glucose metabolism over 3 years.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699fe28895ddcd3a253e63fc https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03297-w

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February 26, 2026Aging Clinical and Experimental ResearchOpen Access

Higher CMI linked to ~31% greater stroke risk and increased hypertension in impaired glucose metabolism.

View Full Paper

Ask AI

Bookmark

Why the study?

The extent to which the Cardiovascular Metabolic Index can forecast cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism remains uncertain.

Does an elevated Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) increase the risk of hypertension and stroke in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism?

Population

4,207 participants with impaired glucose metabolism

Comparison

CMI levels, cumulative CMI, and changes in CMI

Design

Prospective cohort study

Follow-up

2015 to 2018

Key result

Higher Cardiovascular Metabolic Index increased hypertension risk by 27% (OR 1.27) and stroke risk by 31% (OR 1.31) in adults with impaired glucose metabolism over 3 years.

Authors

YSYanju Song XZXuelun Zou CZChang Sheng Zhou

Discussion

Member takes

Overview

May aid CMI risk stratification in impaired glucose metabolism but should not yet change practice; leaves open utility pending randomized trials.

Key Points

The study aims to determine whether the cardiovascular metabolic index (CMI) can predict hypertension and stroke risk in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.
Used K-means clustering to categorize CMI changes into three groups.
Applied multivariate logistic regression to assess associations between CMI and hypertension/stroke incidence.
Employed restricted cubic spline regression models for nonlinear relationship exploration.
Conducted ROC curve analysis to evaluate CMI's predictive ability for hypertension and stroke.
Observed 746 new cases of hypertension and 144 stroke events during follow-up.
CMI significantly increased the risk of hypertension (OR = 1.27) and stroke (OR = 1.31).
Higher CMI quartiles were associated with increased risks of hypertension and stroke.
Nonlinear relationship found between CMI and hypertension risk.
ROC curves indicated AUC values of 0.73 for hypertension and 0.67 for stroke.

Study Design

Type

Cohort (n=4,207)

Multicenter

Yes

Structured PICO

Does an elevated Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) increase the risk of hypertension and stroke in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism?

Population

Intervention

Elevated Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI) and cumulative CMI

Comparator

Lower quartiles or stable low trajectories of Cardiovascular Metabolic Index (CMI)

Outcome

Incidence of new-onset hypertension and stroke at the 2018 follow-up endpointhard clinical

Main Result

Effect estimate: OR 1.27 for hypertension per unit CMI increase, OR 1.31 for stroke per unit CMI increase (95% CI Hypertension 1.15–1.40, Stroke 1.05–1.67)

p-value: p=Hypertension 4.46E-06, Stroke 2.32E-02

Limitations

Stroke incidence was low, possibly reducing power to detect associations with stroke.
Observational cohort design cannot establish causality.
CMI measured by surrogate indices, not direct visceral fat or lipid function measurements.
Study population is predominantly Chinese older adults, limiting generalizability.
Missing values in the dataset requiring multiple imputation

Cite This Study

synapsesocial.com/papers/699fe28895ddcd3a253e63fc https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03297-w

Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

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