Effect of inspired oxygen fraction during anesthesia on inflammation and antioxidant enzyme activity in the mouse cortex and hippocampus

Introduction Although high inspired oxygen fraction (F i O₂) is used during anesthesia to prevent hypoxemia, the effect of different oxygen fraction on the brain remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate whether different inspired oxygen fractions (F i O₂ 30% vs. 80%) during anesthesia affect inflammation and antioxidant enzyme activity in the cortex and hippocampus of young and aged mice. Methods Young and old mice were anesthetized with sevoflurane at F i O₂ 30% or 80% for 3 h. Mice in the control group were exposed to medical air (F i O₂ 21%) for 3 h. Cytokine and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays were performed on the cortex and hippocampus samples after anesthesia. Results The IL-1β level in the hippocampus was significantly higher in the F i O₂ 80% group compared with controls [5.0 (4.0–6.9) pg. mL −1 vs. 2.3 (1.6–2.7) pg. mL −1 ; adjusted p = 0.032], whereas no significant differences were observed in IL-1β levels between the control and F i O₂ 30% groups [adjusted p = 0.164] or the F i O₂ 30% and F i O₂ 80% groups [adjusted p = 0.390]. Except for IL-1β in the hippocampus, no significant differences in the cytokine levels and SOD activities were observed among the groups according to the inspired oxygen fraction in either brain region or age group [ p > 0.05]. Discussion Only 80% oxygen increased hippocampal IL-1β compared with controls, suggesting region-specific vulnerability to oxygen-induced neuroinflammation. However, no significant differences between F i O₂ levels (30% vs. 80%) indicate a limited neuroinflammatory impact under 3 h of anesthesia. Further studies with longer exposure and surgical conditions are needed to clarify the clinical implications.