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March 8, 2026

Serum inflammatory factors as predictors of severity and prognosis in heart failure: A cohort study.

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Why the study?

Chronic heart failure progression is closely linked to inflammatory pathways, but the prognostic value of specific serum inflammatory biomarkers remains underexplored.

Do elevated serum inflammatory factors predict disease severity and 1-year prognosis in patients hospitalized with chronic heart failure?

Population

524 patients hospitalized with HF

Comparison

High- vs low-level groups of serum inflammatory factors based on the median

Design

Cohort study

Follow-up

1 year

Key result

High IL-1β, IL-2 receptor, and IL-6 levels independently predict worse 1-year prognosis in chronic heart failure, with IL-2 receptor HR 2.237 and IL-6 HR 2.388.

Authors

ZJZijun JiangLJLwembawo JosephNNNan Niu

Discussion

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Member takes

Overview

May enhance risk stratification in hospitalized HF; extends prognostic evidence on cytokines but should not yet change practice.

Key Points

  • This study aims to explore the relationship between serum inflammatory factors and the severity and prognosis of chronic heart failure in hospitalized patients.
  • Analyzed serum inflammatory biomarkers in 524 chronic heart failure patients.
  • Categorized patients into high- and low-level groups based on median inflammatory factor levels.
  • Used logistic regression to identify risk factors for cardiac function grading.
  • Employed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to compare endpoint event incidences based on inflammatory levels.
  • Conducted COX regression analysis to assess independent predictors of endpoint events.
  • Higher levels of interleukin 2 receptor and interleukin 1β correlated with better cardiac function grades.
  • Increased levels of interleukin 2 receptor and interleukin 6 were linked to higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events.
  • Patients with elevated interleukin 1β, interleukin 2 receptor, and interleukin 6 showed significantly lower survival rates over one year.
  • Lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α were associated with better survival outcomes.

Structured PICO

Do elevated serum inflammatory factors predict disease severity and 1-year prognosis in patients hospitalized with chronic heart failure?

P
Population
524 patients hospitalized with chronic heart failure at a single center (Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University) between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2022.
I
Intervention
High levels of serum inflammatory factors (interleukin 1β, interleukin 2 receptor, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α)
C
Comparator
Low levels of corresponding serum inflammatory factors (categorized using the median method)
O
Outcome
Endpoint events (major adverse cardiovascular events) at 1 yearcomposite

Elevated serum levels of interleukin 2 receptor, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1β are independent predictors of disease severity and 1-year adverse cardiovascular events in patients hospitalized with chronic heart failure.

Cite This Study

Jiang et al. (2026) studied this question. High IL-1β, IL-2 receptor, and IL-6 levels independently predict worse 1-year prognosis in chronic heart failure, with IL-2 receptor HR 2.237 and IL-6 HR 2.388.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69ada8b2bc08abd80d5bbef3https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000046601
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