Synthesis and Characterization of Polyherbal Silver Nanoparticle Hydrogel Formulation for Wound Healing in Rats

Introduction: Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Delays in healing often result from oxidative stress and microbial infections. This study reports the development and evaluation of a polyherbal hydroalcoholic extract-based silver nanoparticle hydrogel (HAPHE hydrogel), incorporating Psidium guajava, Aegle marmelos, and Mimusops elengi, known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Methods: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using a green, eco-friendly approach and incorporated into hydrogels at 1%, 2%, and 3% concentrations. Characterization using UVVis, FTIR, SEM, particle size, and zeta potential analyses confirmed the stability of AgNPs, with the 2% formulation exhibiting optimal properties (146.4 nm, 11.3 mV). Wound healing efficacy was assessed using a rat burn wound model over 21 days, comparing HAPHE hydrogel to silver sulfadiazine (STD) cream. Evaluations included wound contraction, epithelialization period, hydroxyproline content, antioxidant markers (GSH, TBARS, SOD, catalase), and histopathology. Results: The test group (HAPHE 2%) showed significantly enhanced wound contraction compared to the disease control (DC) on days 5, 10, 15, and 21 (p < 0.001), with epithelialization complete by day 21 (p = 0.0005 vs. STD). Hydroxyproline levels increased significantly (p < 0.0001), indicating improved collagen deposition. Antioxidant markers GSH, SOD, and catalase were significantly elevated (p < 0.0001), while TBARS levels were markedly reduced (p < 0.0001), outperforming the STD group. Conclusion: HAPHE hydrogel offers a promising, natural alternative for wound care by enhancing antioxidant defense, supporting tissue regeneration, and minimizing complications associated with conventional therapies.