Arterial stiffness index and blood pressure phenotypes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: prognostic implications for ischemic and bleeding events

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the study. GNUH, Gyeongsang National University Hospital; PWV, pulse wave velocity; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; ABI, ankle-brachial index.

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  Fig. 2. Kaplan–Meier curves for the cumulative incidence of clinical outcomes. According to (A) hypertensive status and (B) baPWV phenotype (< 1,891 vs. ≥ 1,891 cm/s). baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; NACE, net adverse clinical events; MACCE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

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  Fig. 3. Kaplan–Meier curves for the cumulative incidence. (A) NACE, (B) MACCE, and (C) major bleeding according to hypertensive status and baPWV phenotype (< 1,891 vs. ≥ 1,891 cm/s). NACE, net adverse clinical events; MACCE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.

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  Fig. 4. Incremental prognostic value of hypertensive status and baPWV for predicting NACE over a 4-year period. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; NACE, net adverse clinical events; AUC, area under the curve; HTN, hypertension; NRI, net reclassification improvement; CI, confidence interval; IDI, integrated discrimination improvement. aModel 1 included the age and sex. bModel 2 included the clinical variables of age, sex, body mass index, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, presented with acute coronary syndrome, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, cigarette smoking, potent P2Y12 inhibitor, angiotensin blockade, beta blocker, and statin. cModel 3 included the variables in Model 2 plus hypertensive status and baPWV.

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  Fig. 5. Subgroup analysis of the risk. (A) NACE, (B) MACCE, and (C) major bleeding for the hypertension-high baPWV group compared with the other groups. NACE, net adverse clinical events; MACCE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; HTN, hypertension; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ACS, acute coronary syndrome.