Reveals multiple normalized solutions for the Choquard equation, indicating significant implications for mathematical analysis.
In this paper, we study multiple normalized solutions for the following Choquard equation: <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll"> <m:mfenced close="" open="{"> <m:mrow> <m:mtable class="cases"> <m:mtr> <m:mtd columnalign="left"> <m:mo>−</m:mo> <m:mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</m:mi> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:mo>+</m:mo> <m:mi>V</m:mi> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mi>x</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:mo>+</m:mo> <m:mi>λ</m:mi> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mi>μ</m:mi> <m:mfenced close=")" open="("> <m:mrow> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mi>I</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>α</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:msub> <m:mo>∗</m:mo> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:msup> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>p</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:msup> </m:mrow> </m:mfenced> <m:msup> <m:mrow> <m:mi>u</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>p</m:mi> <m:mo>−</m:mo> <m:mn>2</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msup> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:mo>+</m:mo> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:msup> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:msup> <m:mrow> <m:mn>2</m:mn> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mo>*</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:msup> <m:mo>−</m:mo> <m:mn>2</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msup> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:mo>,</m:mo> <m:mspace width="1em"/> <m:mtext>in </m:mtext> <m:msup> <m:mrow> <m:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>N</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:msup> <m:mo>,</m:mo> </m:mtd> </m:mtr> <m:mtr> <m:mtd columnalign="left"> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mo>∫</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:msup> <m:mrow> <m:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>N</m:mi> </m:mrow> </m:msup> </m:mrow> </m:msub> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mi>u</m:mi> <m:msup> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mn>2</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msup> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mi>a</m:mi> <m:mo>></m:mo> <m:mn>0</m:mn> <m:mo>,</m:mo> </m:mtd> </m:mtr> </m:mtable> </m:mrow> </m:mfenced> </m:math> $${cases}-{Δ}u+V(x)u+λ u=μ ({I}α u{ }ᵖ){u}ᵖ⁻²u+ u{ }^{{2}^{{}}-2}u, in\,{R}N, \\ {∫ }_{{R}N} u{ }²=a{ >}0, {cases}$$ where N ⩾ 3, α ∈ (0, N ), <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <m:mi>p</m:mi> <m:mo>∈</m:mo> <m:mfenced close=")" open="("> <m:mrow> <m:mn>1</m:mn> <m:mo>+</m:mo> <m:mfrac> <m:mrow> <m:mi>α</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>N</m:mi> <m:mo>−</m:mo> <m:mn>2</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:mfrac> <m:mo>,</m:mo> <m:msubsup> <m:mrow> <m:mn>2</m:mn> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>α</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mo>*</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:msubsup> </m:mrow> </m:mfenced> </m:math> p∈ (1+α /N-2,2α^) , I
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Xing et al. (2026) studied this question.
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