Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Phenogroup Classification Using Machine Learning

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study flow. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; JASPER, Japanese Heart Failure Syndrome with Preserved Ejection Fraction Registry; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NARA‐HF, Nara Registry and Analyses for Heart Failure.

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  Figure 2. Characteristics summary of the three phenogroups in the Nara Registry and Analyses for Heart Failure. AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HL, hyperlipidaemia; HR, heart rate; HT, hypertension; LV, left ventricle; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.

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  Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier survival curves of primary and secondary endpoints in the Nara Registry and Analyses for Heart Failure: (A) primary endpoint, (B) all‐cause death, (C) cardiovascular death, and (D) heart failure readmission. AF, atrial fibrillation; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.

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  Figure 4. Heat mapping of clinical variables in derivation and validation studies. AF, atrial fibrillation; Alb, serum albumin; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cre, serum creatinine level; CRP, C‐reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Hb, haemoglobin; HL, hyperlipidaemia; HR, heart rate; HT, hypertension; IVST, interventricular septal thickness; JASPER, Japanese Heart Failure Syndrome with Preserved Ejection Fraction Registry; LVDd, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVDs, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter; Na, serum sodium level; NARA‐HF, Nara Registry and Analyses for Heart Failure; OMI, old myocardial infarction; PWT, posterior wall thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TP, serum total protein.