What are the costs of heart failure?

Heart failure , a syndrome associated with increasing prevalence, high mortality, and frequent hospital admissions, imposes a significant economic burden on western healthcare systems that is expected to further increase in the future due to the ageing population. Hospitalizations are responsible for the largest part of treatment costs and, thus, the main target for strategies aiming at cost reduction. Current literature suggests that evidence-based therapy with drugs, devices, and modern disease management programmes improves clinical outcomes of the large population of heart failure patients in a largely cost-effective manner. However, comprehensive knowledge about the cost of treatment is important to guide clinicians in the responsible allocation of today's limited health-care resources. This review provides information about the total cost of heart failure and the contribution of different treatment components to the overall costs.