This framework shapes a dynamic education model for morally responsible and critical learners, indicating a transformation in religious teaching.
Modern Islamic Religious Education (MIRE) reconciles traditional confessional instruction with contemporary critical inquiry. Drawing on the works of Muslim thinkers active in the West, namely, Mohammed Arkoun, Abdolkarim Soroush, and Tariq Ramadan, it is based on three foundations: epistemological reorientation, pedagogical transformation, and ethical-political engagement. Arkoun introduces deconstruction of orthodox power structures; Soroush advances epistemological pluralism and dialogical reasoning; and Ramadan links revelation to civic responsibility. Their approach is one of religious experimentality reanimating the relations between text and context and permitting educators to be pedagogical bricoleurs. Together, they shape a dynamic educational model cultivating learners as mukallafīn – morally responsible, critically reflective, and civically engaged individuals.
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Agbaria et al. (2025) studied this question.
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