Vernonia amygdalina Ethanol Extract Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity via TGFβ, Cytochrome c, and Apoptosis

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Chromatogram of standard rutin 10 ppm mobile phase containing H2O-acetonitrile in 0.1% of TFA. Separation column: monolithic column C18 (4.6 × 150 mm I.D.); injection loop: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.5 mL/min; temperature 30 °C; detection by absorbance at 340 nm; black arrow shows the peak of rutin (11.5 min).

• 

  Figure 2. Chromatogram of standard luteolin 20 ppm mobile phase containing H2O-acetonitrile in 0.1% of TFA. Separation column: monolithic column C18 (4.6 × 150 mm I.D.); injection loop: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.5 mL/min; temperature 30 °C; detection by absorbance at 340 nm. Black arrow shows the peak of luteolin (22.1 min).

• 

  Figure 3. Chromatogram of 50 mg VAEE diluted in 5 mL of ethanol. Separation column: monolithic column C18 (4.6 × 150 mm I.D.); injection loop: 20 μL; flow rate: 1.5 mL/min; temperature 30 °C; detection by absorbance at 340 nm.

• 

  Figure 4. The effect of VAEE on serum level of SOD (A), GR (B), and MDA (C). (KN: normal rats, Doxo: doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw, P100: 100 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P200: 200 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P400: 400 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P600: 600 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P800: 800 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin). (**: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001).

• 

  Figure 5. Histology of cardiac-tissue-stained TGFβ (KN: normal rats, K-: doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw, P1: 100 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P2: 200 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P3: 400 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P4: 600 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P5: 800 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin.; the arrows show the yellow color of the expression of TGFβ).

• 

  Figure 6. Histology of cardiac-tissue-stained apoptosis (KN: normal rats, K-: doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw, P1: 100 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P2: 200 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P3: 400 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P4: 600 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin, P5: 800 mg/kgbw + doxorubicin; the arrows show the yellow color of the expression of TGFβ).

• 

  Figure 7. Histology of cardiac-tissue-stained cytochrome c (K-: rats induced with doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw, K+: rats induced with doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw + quercetin 80 mg/kgbw, P1: rats induced with doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw + VAEE 100 mg/kgbw, P2: rats induced with doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw + VAEE 200 mg/kgbw, P3: rats induced with doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw + VAEE 400 mg/kgbw, P4: rats induced with doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw + VAEE 600 mg/kgbw, P5: rats induced with doxorubicin 15 mg/kgbw + VAEE 800 mg/kgbw; the yellow color of the expression of TGFβ).