Heart Failure in Black Populations: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Disparities

Heart failure (HF) remains a significant health challenge globally, placing a heavy burden on individuals, families, and healthcare systems. The prevalence of HF continues to rise, posing substantial public health concerns. This burden is particularly pronounced among the Black Population, who face higher prevalence, earlier onset, and greater severity of HF compared to other racial and ethnic groups. This review explores the multifaceted landscape of HF in Black individuals by examining epidemiological patterns, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentations, treatment disparities, and clinical outcomes. Black individuals exhibit distinct pathophysiological characteristics, such as genetic variations contributing to heightened susceptibility and severity of HF. Social determinants of health, including socioeconomic status, education, and healthcare access, further exacerbate these disparities. Despite advancements in medical science, Black individuals receive less optimal HF care, reflected in lower rates of guideline-directed medical therapy and cardiac rehabilitation. Addressing these disparities requires targeted interventions and a holistic approach that emphasizes social determinants of health, improved healthcare access, and health equity. This review synthesizes existing literature to illuminate the unique challenges faced by Black HF patients and advocates for evidence-based strategies to enhance management and outcomes, aiming to reduce disparities and improve the well-being of this vulnerable population.