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October 6, 2023Frontiers in Cardiovascular MedicineOpen Access

Female sex linked to ~26% smaller ballistocardiogram amplitude vs males driven by arterial size differences.

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Why the study?

Cardiovascular anatomical and functional differences between men and women, and how they manifest in blood circulation, require theoretical and experimental investigation.

Population

Validated mathematical model of the cardiovascular system

Comparison

Model parameters associated with female vs male sex differences

Design

Physiology-based mathematical modeling and simulation study

Key result

Physiology-based modeling and experimental data indicate that sex-related differences in arterial diameter and length lead to a 25.9% smaller ballistocardiogram amplitude in females compared to males.

Authors

MZMohamed ZaidLSLorenzo SalaLDLaurel Despins

Discussion

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Overview

Sex-specific BCG calibration may be needed; leaves open noninvasive monitoring of ventricular-arterial coupling differences.

Structured PICO

P
Population
Validated mathematical model of the cardiovascular system simulating men and women
I
Intervention
Variation of cardiovascular model parameters related to women's faster heart rate, stronger ventricular contractility, and smaller blood vessels
C
Comparator
Male cardiovascular model parameters
O
Outcome
Impact on blood volume distribution, cardiovascular indexes describing ventricular-arterial coupling, and the ballistocardiogram (BCG) signalsurrogate

Physiology-based mathematical modeling demonstrates that while men and women achieve similar ventricular-arterial coupling, they do so through different physiological mechanisms, which can potentially be monitored noninvasively via ballistocardiography.

Limitations

  • The cardiovascular model does not include a detailed description of the atria, which could affect the ability to capture post-systolic events.
  • The comparison between experimentally-measured and model-predicted BCG waveforms could benefit from a larger pool of subjects.
  • A larger cohort spanning across ages is needed to facilitate insights into how aging may affect cardiovascular function in women and men.

Cite This Study

Zaid et al. (2023) studied Healthy (n=6). Female sex vs. Male sex was evaluated on Ballistocardiogram (BCG) amplitude. Physiology-based modeling and experimental data indicate that sex-related differences in arterial diameter and length lead to a 25.9% smaller ballistocardiogram amplitude in females compared to males.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a092fcd4c1e2db30bd26291https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1215958
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Cardiovascular Function and Ballistocardiogram: A Relationship Interpreted via Mathematical Modeling2019 · 5 citations
  2. 2Cardiovascular Function and Ballistocardiogram: A Relationship Interpreted via Mathematical Modeling2018 · 59 citations
  3. 3Unveiling sex dimorphism in the healthy cardiac anatomy: fundamental differences between male and female heart shapes2025 · 1 citations
  4. 4Unveiling sex dimorphism in the healthy cardiac anatomy: Fundamental differences between male and female heart shapes2025 · 4 citations
  5. 5Closed-Loop Multiscale Computational Model of Human Blood Circulation. Applications to Ballistocardiography2021 · 12 citations