Cardiovascular sex-differences: insights via physiology-based modeling and potential for noninvasive sensing via ballistocardiography

Figures

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  Figure 1. Selected parameters that have been found to be significantly different among women and men are used as inputs for the cardiovascular model proposed in Guidoboni et al. (7) to estimate volumetric outputs of the left and right ventricles, along with cardiovascular indeces and the ballistocardiogram (BCG) waveform.

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  Figure 2. Comparison of left and right ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) obtained for different model versions, namely the idealized male model (Male), HR model (HR), ELS model (ELS), ELD model (ELD), ERS model (ERS), Arterial diameter model (D), Arterial length model (L), and the idealized female model (Female) described in Section 3.2.

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  Figure 3. Comparison of volumetric outputs obtained for different model versions, namely the idealized male model (Male), HR model (HR), ELS model (ELS), ELD model (ELD), ERS model (ERS), Arterial diameter model (D), Arterial length model (L), and the idealized female model (Female) described in Section 3.2.

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  Figure 4. Comparison of cardiovascular indexes obtained for different model versions, namely the idealized male model, HR model, ELS, model, ELD model, ERS model, Arterial diameter model, Arterial length model, and the idealized female model described in Section 3.2.

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  Figure 5. BCG waveforms obtained simulating the 8 different models presented in Section 3.1. In particular solid black line indicates the result employing the original idealized male model. Solid red line is obtained using the idealized female model. Blue, orange, yellow, violet, green and cyan dashed lines represent the BCG waveforms using the HR, ELS, ERS, arterial diameter (D) and arterial length (L) models, respectively.

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  Figure 6. BCG waveforms obtained on 6 different healthy subjects. Solid black line indicates the result employing the original idealized male model. Solid red line is obtained using the idealized female model. Colored dashed lines represent the BCG waveforms acquired on each subject.