Key result
Smoking cessation in women was associated with a 7.6 kg mean weight gain and a higher incidence of hypertension (adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.5) compared to never smokers over a 9-year follow-up.
Why the study?
Does smoking cessation increase weight gain and blood pressure in women compared to continuing smokers and never smokers?
Cohort (n=3,931)
Does smoking cessation increase weight gain and blood pressure in women compared to continuing smokers and never smokers?
While smoking cessation is broadly beneficial, it is associated with significant weight gain and a moderate increase in blood pressure and hypertension incidence in women, highlighting the need for concurrent lifestyle management.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
May support monitoring weight/BP after cessation in women; leaves open causal effects and mitigation strategies.
OBJECTIVE: Few have studied the long-term effects of smoking and smoking cessation on weight gain and blood pressure increase and compared with the age-related increases experienced by most adults. This study compared the development of weight and blood pressure in female never smokers, continuing smokers and smokers who quit smoking. DESIGN: Weight, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and smoking habits were assessed at baseline and re-assessed after a mean follow-up of 9.0 +/- 5.8 years. SETTING: Population-based cohort. SUBJECTS: A total of 2381 female never smokers and 1550 female smokers. At the re-examination, 388 of the smokers had quit smoking. RESULTS: Mean weight gain was 7.6 +/- 6.1, 3.2 +/- 5.8 and 3.7 +/- 5.2 kg, respectively, in quitters, continuing smokers and never smokers (P < 0.001). In women without blood pressure treatment, mean SBP increase was 20.9 +/- 16.8, 19.1 +/- 15.8 and 16.1 +/- 16.3 mmHg, respectively, in these groups (P < 0.001). Mean DBP increase was 6.2 +/- 8.7, 5.7 +/- 9.3 and 3.1 +/- 8.0 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.001). After adjustments for potential confounders, the increased weight gain in quitters remained highly significant. The differences in SBP and DBP increase were attenuated after adjustments, but remained significant. Incidence of hypertension (> or = 160/95 mmHg or treatment) was significantly higher in quitters [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.8; CI: 1.4-2.5] when compared with continuing smokers (OR: 1.3; CI: 1.07-1.6) and never smokers (reference). CONCLUSION: Over a long follow-up, weight gain was approximately 3-4 kg higher in quitters when compared with continuing smokers or never smokers. Although the differences in blood pressure increase were moderate, smoking cessation was associated with an increased incidence of hypertension.
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Janzon et al. (2004) conducted a cohort in Smoking cessation (n=3,931). Smoking cessation vs. Continuing smokers and never smokers was evaluated on Incidence of hypertension (≥ 160/95 mmHg or treatment) (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.5). Smoking cessation in women was associated with a 7.6 kg mean weight gain and a higher incidence of hypertension (adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.5) compared to never smokers over a 9-year follow-up.
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