The Clinical Impact of β-Blocker Therapy on Patients With Chronic Coronary Artery Disease After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study flow. A total of 17,286 patients with CAD who had undergone PCI were screened for inclusion from the Grand-DES multi-center registry. We excluded patients whose prescription records of β-blockers were not available and those with non-continuous use of β-blockers during the follow-up period. Finally, a total of 3,075 patients with chronic CAD were included. After propensity score matching, a total of 1,170 pairs of patients were finally derived. CAD = coronary artery disease; DES = drug-eluting stent; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PS = propensity score.

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  Figure 2. Clinical outcomes according to β-blocker therapy in matched population. Among the matched population, the β-blocker group was not associated with better clinical outcomes in primary outcome, all-cause death, cardiac death, and MI compared with the no β-blocker group. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; MI = myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 3. Subgroup analysis for primary outcome and all-cause death associated with β-blocker therapy. There was no significant difference in primary outcome associated with β-blocker therapy across the various subgroups. β-blockers were associated with a lower risk of all-cause death in patients with previous MI and/or revascularization. BES = Biolimus A9 eluting coronary stent; CHF = congestive heart failure; CI = confidence interval; DAPT = dual antiplatelet therapy; DES = drug-eluting stent; EES = Everolimus eluting coronary stent; HR = hazard ratio; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; ZES = Zotarolimus eluting coronary stent.

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  Figure 4. Clinical outcomes according to different doses of β-blockers. After dose stratification, there was a dose-dependent tendency of lower risk of mortality with higher β-blockers doses, although the result was not statistically significant. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; MI = myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 5. Clinical outcomes according to different types of β-blockers. Compared with patients who received conventional β-blockers, those with vasodilating β-blockers were not associated with better clinical outcomes. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; MI = myocardial infarction.