Lipidomic profiling reveals free fatty acid alterations in plasma from patients with atrial fibrillation

Figures

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  Fig 1. Principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots derived from the ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry spectra of plasma samples from healthy controls and patients with AF. PCA score plots in positive (A; R2X = 0.680, Q2 = 0.456) and negative (B; R2X = 0.699, Q2 = 0.521) ion mode, and PLS-DA score plots in positive (C; R2X = 0.387, R2Y = 0.967, Q2 = 0.863) and negative (D; R2X = 0.477, R2Y = 0.934, Q2 = 0.846) ion mode. Each ellipse was given by Hotelling’s T2 (0.95).

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  Fig 2. Intensities of free fatty acids in plasma samples obtained from healthy controls and AF patients and (A) and non-recurrent and recurrent AF patients (B). P values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

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  Fig 3. Compositions of SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs (% of total free fatty acids) in plasma samples obtained from healthy controls and AF patients (A) and non-recurrent and recurrent AF patients (B). Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. P values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

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  Fig 4. Relative mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in plasma samples obtained from healthy controls and AF patients. A, IL-1β (healthy controls, n = 6; AF patients, n = 4); B, TNF-α (healthy controls, n = 6; AF patients, n = 6). P values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.