Door-to-Diuretic Time and Short-term Outcomes in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: Acute heart failure (AHF) is a leading cause of unplanned hospitalization, often associated with poor outcomes. Decongestion with intravenous loop diuretics is the mainstay of treatment. Metrics such as door-to-diuretic time, the time between presentation of AHF to the hospital, and administration of intravenous diuretics, may play an important role in faster decongestion and thereby reduce mortality. We sought to investigate whether early diuretic administration [door-to-diuretic (D2D) time 60 ≤mins] was associated with improved outcomes among hospitalized heart failure patients. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases was performed from inception until June 2023. The primary endpoints were all-cause in-hospital and 30-day mortality. Secondary endpoints were the length of hospital stay and heart failure readmission. We used a random-effects model to calculate odds ratios (OR) for binary outcomes and mean differences for continuous data. RESULTS: Our meta-analysis included 6 observational studies involving 19,916 patients. No significant differences ( P > 0.05) were observed between shorter D2D and delayed D2D time with respect to in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.35-1.09), 30-day mortality (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.51-1.33; P = 0.44), length of hospital stay (MD, -0.02; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.22) and heart failure readmission (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.86-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from existing literature, which is largely limited to observational comparisons, highlights comparable outcomes between the 2 treatment strategies. Early diuretic administration, particularly within 60 minutes of hospital presentation, does not demonstrate any prognostic benefits.